Catholic Charities Bureau v. Wisconsin Labor & Industry Review Commission

VIDEO: Wisconsin Says Catholic Charities Isn’t Religious – Here’s Why They’re Wrong

Fulfilling the Catholic Church’s religious mission 

Catholic dioceses across the country organize their efforts to meet the needs of the disadvantaged within their local community through nonprofit entities called Catholic charities and other similar organizations. Since 1917, Catholic Charities has fulfilled this mission for the Diocese of Superior in northern Wisconsin, providing a wide range of services to help the disabled, the elderly, and the poor throughout the Diocese. Catholic Charities’ mission, consistent with their Catholic faith, is to serve all those in need—regardless of their religious beliefs. Accordingly, each year Catholic Charities ministers to thousands of individuals and families in need by offering in-home healthcare, housing for the elderly and disabled, childcare services, employment opportunities, and other vital resources.  

Wisconsin denies Catholic Charities’ religious mission 

Wisconsin’s unemployment insurance program provides financial assistance to those who have lost their job through no fault of their own. Under state law, certain nonprofit organizations in Wisconsin can opt out of the program, including those operated primarily for religious purposes.  

Catholic Charities requested an exemption from the state’s unemployment program so that it could enroll in the Wisconsin Bishops’ Church Unemployment Pay Program (CUPP), a more efficient unemployment compensation program that provides the same level of benefits as the State’s program. 

However, in 2024, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that Catholic Charities could not receive a religious exemption from the State’s unemployment compensation program. The court’s decision essentially cut Catholic Charities off from the Diocese of Superior, concluding that the clear religious purpose of the Catholic Church and the Diocese in setting up and running Catholic Charities was irrelevant. Instead, the Wisconsin Supreme Court concluded that Catholic Charities’ service to the poor and needy was not “typical” religious activity. The court thus denied Catholic Charities the exemption, forcing it to remain in the state’s less efficient unemployment compensation program.  

State law and the U.S. Constitution confirm that Catholic Charities’ mission is religious 

The Wisconsin Supreme Court’s decision was deeply problematic. By separating Catholic Charities from the Diocese, the court ignored the Catholic Church’s religiously motivated decision regarding how to structure its own religious ministry. By concluding that Catholic Charities’ activities were not religious because Catholic Charities serves all those in need and doesn’t proselytize, the court penalized faiths that make caring for those in need—regardless of their religious background—a religious obligation. And, by probing “how religious” the court thought Catholic Charities and their subsidiary ministries are, the court inserted itself into deeply religious questions, violating the separation of church and state.  

This outcome was wholly avoidable. Wisconsin’s unemployment compensation law, Wisconsin’s Constitution, and the U.S. Constitution all require that courts look to the undisputed religious purpose of the Diocese of Superior when determining whether Catholic Charities qualifies for a religious exemption from the State’s unemployment compensation program.   

Catholic Charities appealed the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruling to the United States Supreme Court. After agreeing to review the case, the Justices heard oral arguments in March of 2025. 

On June 5, 2025, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 9-0 that Wisconsin could not discriminate against Catholic Charities because of its religiously motivated care for the needy. Justice Sotomayor wrote that Wisconsin violated the Constitution by “impos[ing] a denominational preference by differentiating between religions based on theological choices”—a “textbook” violation of the Free Exercise and Establishment Clauses. The Court’s decision further recognized that “whether to express and inculcate religious doctrine through worship, proselytization, or religious education when performing charitable work are, again, fundamentally theological choices driven by the content of different religious doctrines.”  

This is a historic victory for Catholic Charities and people of all faiths. The Court’s decision reaffirms that the government cannot prefer or favor one religion over another and protects the rights of all religious ministries to care for the poor and needy consistent with their sincere religious beliefs.

Importance to Religious Liberty: 

Religious Communities: Religious communities have a right to serve those in need according to the dictates of their faith. Unfortunately, religious institutions are often targeted if not in alliance with societal standards.